Middle+Ages+Artifacts

Charlemagne's Palatine Chapel ** ||= ** Charles III ** ||
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 * [[image:Charlemagne_Chapel.jpg width="262" height="354" align="center"]] || [[image:Viking_Invasions.jpg width="284" height="357" align="center"]] ||
 * Charlemagne ordered construction of this chapel in the year 786. This old-world chapel is part of the modern-day Aachen Cathedral. Construction of this cathedral took over a millennium to complete but yet it is one of the lasting examples of Carolingian architecture, from the age of Charlemagne. Charlemagne was an efficient and productive ruler who brought back together most of the old Roman Empire. He ruled his vast lands using the feudal system, a precise and organized system of government. He also ruled with the backing of the Roman Catholic Church. With a powerful ally, like the Church, Charlemagne had many followers, a great government, and a conquering military. In favor to the Church he helped build up the Church more, including building worship sites. This Cathedral and chapel is an example of what once was the great reign and empire of the ruler, Charlemagne. || The Vikings, even though seeming barbaric to many, were a people and civilization like any other. Still, they plundered many lands in Europe. Viking chief Rollo and army attacked cities in France, including Chartres and Paris, until striking up a treaty with King Charles III (French ruler) and becoming the first duke of Normandy. This treaty was beneficial for both rulers; the King had a strong ally and army to protect his lands in the north and Duke Rollo got new lands to manage.

This "effigy" represents King Charles III, ruler of France, whose reign lasted from 893 to 922. Charles III, also nick-named Charles the Simple, brought back the rule of Carolingian kings in medieval France. This sculpture is made in the twelfth-century and is crafted with enamel, precious stones, and gold. ||   **Black Death Map (1347-1350)** ||
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 * Frederick I (Barbarossa) ** || 
 * [[image:Frederick_I.jpg width="261" height="362" align="center"]] ||

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 * This bust is of the Holy Roman Emperor, Frederick I, also known as Barbarossa. This Emperor battled for control over the papacy in the German lands. He was also one of the three leaders of the Third Crusade. King Phillip II Augustus, King Richard, and Frederick I led the Third Crusade in response to the Second Crusade in which the Muslim victories, especially the victory of Jerusalem, angered the Europeans. The three kings fought to Jerusalem. Frederick I drowned in the Saleph River while trying to cross it on June 10, 1190. The other two leaders made it to Jerusalem but Phillip took back his men because of his fights with Richard.

The elaborate bronze bust of King Frederick I of Germany was made in Aachen from around 1155 to 1171. || This is the map showing the spread of the bubonic plague in the mid-fourteenth century. The bubonic plague, also known as the Black Death, killed an estimated 25 million people thorughout Europe. During the period of the Black Death, trade slowed and prices rose as a result of less workers and merchants. After the Black Death, the social ways of people were changed. Laws were enacted to keep prices down and in Bitain, those laws led to the Peasant's Revolt in 1381.

The Black Death not only killed many people in its' time, but also left it's victums in total devostation. This map shows exactly hwo the plague spread. || **The Palace of the Popes**  || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 120%; text-align: center;"> <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 120%; text-align: center;">**Saint Cathrine of Siena** <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; text-align: center;"> ||
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 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">This picture shows the Palace of the Popes in Avignon, France. When Clement V, a french man, became the Pope, he moved the papal court to Avignon in 1309 due to the fact that he was not able to get to Rome. The Pope chose Avignon due to its sufficient location; Avignon was on the Rhone River, fell within the boundary of the Holy Roman Empire but was still under french rule (Naples controlled it) and settled previous arguments with the last pope and present french king. Pope Clement VI paid 80,000 florins to purchase Avignon from the ruler of Naples in 1348. All the Popes that ruled in Avignon were French, and so the French had a say in much of the Church for the years that the papacy was there.

The time period in which the Popes and papacy resided in Avignon is called Babylonian Captivity. The Babylonian Captivity angered many other kings because it gave France a huge connection to power. This movement of the papacy was one of the supporting factors in what led to the Great Schism of the East and West. || <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">During the fourteenth century, much havoc extended throughout all of Europe. The Black Death broke out in 1347 and claimed a third of European lives completely ruining the economy, food production, and society. The Hundred Years' War between England and France left people feeling insecure and unsafe. The Church did not provide help as people had expected it to at this time, and so, distrust and anger misguided many people away from the Church in search of their own god or religious figure to put their trust in. Many people turned to the mystic, Saint Catherine of Siena, pictured here during the fifteenth century. ||

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